unit 10 Effective and in effective teaching

Observable Characteristics Of Effective Teaching

1.     Begins class promptly and in a well-organized way.

2.     Treats students with respect and caring.

3.     Provides the significance/importance of information to be learned.

4.     Provides clear explanations. Holds attention and respect of students….practices effective classroom management.

5.     Uses active, hands-on student learning.

6.     Varies his/her instructional techniques.

7.     Provides clear, specific expectations for assignments.

8.     Provides frequent and immediate feedback to students on their performance.

9.     Praises student answers and uses probing questions to clarify/elaborate answers.

10.  Provides many concrete, real-life, practical examples.

11.  Draws inferences from examples/models….and uses analogies.

12.Creates a class environment which is comfortable for students….allows students to speak freely.

13. Teaches at an appropriately fast pace, stopping to check student understanding and engagement.

14.   Communicates at the level of all students in class.

15.  Has a sense of humor!

16.  Uses nonverbal behavior, such as gestures, walking around, and eye contact to reinforce his/her comments.

17.  Presents him/herself in class as “real people.”

18.  Focuses on the class objective and does not let class get sidetracked.

19.  Uses feedback from students (and others) to assess and improve teaching.

20.   Reflects on own teaching to improve it.

Characteristics Of Effective Teaching

Effective teachers appear again and again to display certain characteristics, while ineffective teachers tend to make the same mistakes repeatedly. Below is a look at some of the things more effective teachers tend to do right and less effective teachers tend to do wrong.(Stanford university)

EFFECTIVE TEACHERS

Based on a scheme originally developed by M. Hildebrand, 1971.

Organization and Clarity

·         explains clearly

·        makes difficult topics easy to understand

·         uses examples, details, analogies, metaphors, and variety in modes of explanation to make material not only understandable but memorable

·         makes the objectives of the course and each class clear 

·         establishes a context for material

Analytic/Synthetic Approach

·         has a thorough command of the field

·         contrasts the implications of various theories

·         gives the student a sense of the field, its past, present, and future directions, the origins of ideas and concepts 

·         presents facts and concepts from related fields

·         discusses viewpoints other than his/her own

Dynamism and Enthusiasm

·         is an energetic, dynamic person

·         seems to enjoy teaching

·         conveys a love of the field

·         has an aura of self-confidence

Instructor-Group Interaction

·         can stimulate, direct, and pace interaction with the class 

·         encourages independent thought and accepts criticism

·         uses wit and humor effectively

·         is a good public speaker 

·         knows whether or not the class is following the material and is sensitive to students’ motivation

·         is concerned about the quality of his/her teaching

Instructor-Individual Student Interaction

·         is perceived as fair, especially in his/her methods of evaluation 

·         is seen by students as approachable and a valuable source of advice even on matters not directly related to the course 

Characteristics of ineffective teacher

Doing the right things with your teaching is of course critical but so is avoiding the wrong things.  Richard M. Felder, North Carolina State University and Rebecca Brent, Education Designs, Inc., have come up with a list to the ten worst mistakes teachers make.  They are summarized here in increasing order of badness.  

Mistake #10: When you ask a question in class, immediately call for volunteers.  When you do this most students will avoid eye contact, and either you get a response from one of the two or three who always volunteer or you answer your own question

Mistake #9: Call on students cold. If you frequently call on students without giving them time to think ("cold-calling"), the ones who are intimidated by it won't be following your lecture as much as praying that you don't land on them. Even worse, as soon as you call on someone, the others breathe a sigh of relief and stop thinking.

Mistake #8: Turn classes into PowerPoint shows. Droning through lecture notes put into PowerPoint slides is generally a waste of time for everyone. 

Mistake #7: Fail to provide variety in instruction. Effective instruction mixes things up: boardwork, multimedia, storytelling, discussion, activities, individual assignments, and group work (being careful to avoid Mistake #6). The more variety you build in, the more effective the class is likely to be.

Mistake #6: Have students work in groups with no individual accountability.  The way to make group work work is cooperative learning, an exhaustively researched instructional method that effectively promotes development of both cognitive and interpersonal skills

Mistake #5: Fail to establish relevance. To provide better motivation, begin the course by describing how the content relates to important technological and social problems and to whatever you know of the students' experience, interests, and career goals, and do the same thing when you introduce each new topic.

Mistake #4. Give tests that are too long. If you want to evaluate your students' potential to be successful professionals, test their mastery of the knowledge and skills you are teaching, not their problem-solving speed. 

Mistake #3: Get stuck in a rut. Things are always happening that provide incentives and opportunities for improving courses. This is not to say that you have to make major revisions in your course every time you give it-you probably don't have time to do that, and there's no reason to. Rather, just keep your eyes open for possible improvements you might make in the time available to you.  

Mistake #2. Teach without clear learning objectives. A key to making courses coherent and tests fair is to write learning objectives-explicit statements of what students should be able to do if they have learned what the instructor wants them to learn-and to use the objectives as the basis for designing lessons, assignments, and exams.

Mistake #1. Disrespect students. If you give students a sense that you don't respect them, the class will probably be a bad experience for everyone no matter what else you do, while if you clearly convey respect and caring, it will cover a multitude of pedagogical sins you might commit.

unit 10 -Teaching as a profession

Unit X Teaching as a profession

1.            Nature of teaching
2.      Teaching as a profession

3 

Nature of teaching

In its broadest sense, teaching is a process that facilitates learning. Teaching is the specialized application of knowledge, skills and attributes designed to provide unique service to meet the educational needs of the individual and of society. The choice of learning activities whereby the goals of education are realized in the school is the responsibility of the teaching profession.

In addition to providing students with learning opportunities to meet curriculum outcomes, teaching emphasizes the development of values and guides students in their social relationships. Teachers employ practices that develop positive self-concept in students. Although the work of teachers typically takes place in a classroom setting, the direct interaction between teacher and student is the single most important element in teaching.

1.     It’s continues process.

2.     Teaching is a formal and informal process.

3.     Teaching is the goal oriented process.

4.     Teaching is the rational and reflective process

5.     Teaching is the interactive process.

6.     Teaching occur inside and outside.

7.     It is a conscious process

8.     Teaching is the task oriented process.

9.     Teaching facilitate learning.

10.                        It is stimulate learners.

11.                        Teaching is the complex process.

12.                        Teaching is a organized system of varied action.

13.                        Its scientific and observation

14.                        Teaching is highly dominated by communication

15.                        Teaching has various forms and styles.

16.                        Teaching is the specialized task comprising of different teaching skills.

Profession

A profession as a vocation requiring advanced education and training. According to Roscoe Pound he defined profession as a group pursuing a learned art as a common calling in the spirit of public service.

Characteristics of a profession

1.         Skill based on theoretical knowledge

2.         Professional association

3.         Extensive period of

4.         Testing of competence

5.         Institutional training

6.         Licensed practitioners

7.         Work autonomy

8.         Code of professional ethics and conduct

9.         Self-regulation

10.    Public service

11.    Exclusion

12.    Control of remuneration and advertising

13.    High status and reward

14.    Granting of legitimacy

Teaching as a Profession

The continued professionalization of teaching is a long-standing goal. Professionalism is a complex and elusive concept; it is dynamic and fluid. Six generally accepted criteria are used to define a profession. The teaching profession fulfils those criteria in the following ways:

1.            Its members have an organized body of knowledge that separates the group from all others. Teachers are equipped with such a body of knowledge, having an extensive background in the world and its culture and a set of teaching methods experientially derived through continuous research in all parts of the world.

2.            It serves a great social purpose. Teachers carry responsibilities weighted with social purpose. Through a rigid and self-imposed adherence to the Code of Professional Conduct, which sets out their duties and responsibilities, teachers pass on their accumulated culture and assist each student under their care in achieving self-realization.

3.            There is cooperation achieved through a professional organization. Cooperation plays an important role in the development of the teaching profession because it represents a banding together to achieve commonly desired purposes. The teaching profession has won its well-deserved place in the social order through continuous cooperation in research, professional preparation and strict adherence to the Code of Professional Conduct, which obligates every teacher to treat each student within a sacred trust. Teachers have control or influence over their own governance, socialization into teaching and research connected with their profession.

4.            There is a formal period of preparation and a requirement for continuous growth and development. Teachers are required to complete a defined teacher preparation program followed by a period of induction or internship prior to being granted permanent certification. This period includes support for the formative growth of teachers and judgments about their competence. Teachers are devoted to continuous development of their ability to deliver their service.

5.            There is a degree of autonomy accorded the professional. Teachers have opportunities to make decisions about important aspects of their work. Teachers apply reasoned judgment and professional decision making daily in diagnosing educational needs, prescribing and implementing instructional programs, and evaluating the progress of students. Teacher judgment unleashes learning and creates the basis for experience.

6.            The profession has control or influence over education standards, admissions, licensing, professional development, ethical and performance standards, and professional discipline. As professionals, teachers are governed in their professional relationships with other members, school boards, students and the general public by rules of conduct set out in the Code of Professional Conduct. The code stipulates minimum standards of professional conduct for teachers, but it is not an exhaustive list of such standards.