Educational Technology
Educational
technology
Definition
i. Educational technology
is the application of scientific knowledge about learning and contribution of
learning to improve the effectiveness and efficiency of teaching and learning.
-
G.O.M Leith (1967)
ii.
Educational technology
is the development, application and evaluation of systems, techniques and aids
to improve the process of human learning.
-
NCET U.K. 1967
iii.
Educational technology
is the body of knowledge resulting from the application of the science of
teaching and learning to the real world of the classroom, together with the
tools and methodologies developed to assist in these applications.
-
National Academy of Engineering’s Instructional committee on Education, USA.
iv.
Educational Technology
in its wide sense as understood today, includes the development, application
and evaluation of systems and techniques involving men, machines,media and
instructional material as components, so as improve the process of human
learning and attain the educational goals.
- Davis and Hartley.
Meaning
The
word “Technology” is derived from the Greek word “Technic” which means art or
skill and ‘logia’ means science or study.
The
“Education” originated from the Latin word. ‘Educare’ which means “to bring up”
or “to nourish” or Education may be originated from another Latin word
‘Educere’ which means “to lead out” or to “draw out”.
Thus
the educational technology is the science of study of an art or skill in
bringing up or nourishing the children in the classroom. Broadly speaking
Educational technology can notes three meanings.
Meaning – 1:
Educational
technology refers to the application of physical science and engineering
technology to provide mechanical or electromechanical tools, instrumentation or
hardware which can be used for instructional purposes.
|
“
Using equipments for presenting instruction”
|
Educational
technology refers to the application “scientific principles instruction “and
preparation of instructional materials (software)
|
“
Applying
scientific & psychological techniques in preparing instructional
materials”
|
Meaning – 3:
According
to this view education should be considered a system in which machines,
materials, media, men and methods are interrelated parts and organised in such
a way as they work together for the fulfilment of specific educational
objectives.
|
Planning,
implementing & evaluating a system in education according to scientific
principles so as to achieve the educational objectives.
|
SCOPE OF EDUCATIONAL TECHNOLOGY
1. Teaching
Technology
2. Behaviour
Technology
3. Instructional
Technology
4. System
Analysis
5. Teaching
Technology
Teaching
is a such a classroom activity which is completed by the interaction between
teachers and students. This activity leads to complete development of students.
It differs from instruction in the sense that only teacher is active and
communicative in instruction while in teaching,students fully participate in
the learning process and outcome is the result of interaction between teachers
and students.
Teaching
technology refers to the application of laws and principles of science and
philosophy for realizing certain objectives in education.Teaching which is an
art in itself is made a science when technology gives it a practical,objectives
and goal based shape.
Content
of Teaching Technology :
A teacher makes proper plan to what he is
to teach in the class. In planning he does three things: doing mistakes and
consequently he modifies his behavior.A teacher does the following things here:
1. He
desides which form or procedure of evaluation he has to use
2. He
selects suitable measuring instruments.
3. If
instruments are not available ,he constructs them.
4. He
scores the tests by following certain rules.
5. He
interprets the scores in relation to objectives formulated in the beginning.
In
order to make this stage a success, a teacher must know the techniques and
procedure of evaluation.
Characteristics of Teaching
Technology
1. This
technology can make the teaching effective.
2. This
technology also takes the help of sociology , philosophy and psychology from
planning to controlling stages.
3. Here
inputs,process and output work together and result in the form of behavioural
changes coming to the fore every moment.
4. All
the three domains of objectives,cognitive,affective and psychomotor can be
achieved by this technology.
5. Teaching can be organised on any of the three levels –
memory,understanding and reflective levels by the use of teaching technology.
6. New teaching theories can be developed by the
use of teaching technology.
7. This
technology is equally effective to all grades of
learning,i.e.,primary,secondary,post secondary etc.
B) Behaviour Technology
This
technology emphasizes the application of teaching and learning principles into
teaching so that behavior of students as well as teachers may be modified in
accordance with the objectives of teaching. Because of this reason, this
technology is also known as training technology is also known as training
technology.
This
technology is closely related to psychology. Psychology is the science of behavior
and learning is the modification of behavior through activities and
experiences.Behaviour technology applies all these principles of psychology to
bring about desirable change in behavior. We can train the behavior of any
person by reinforcing his desirable response (Skinner)
This
technology puts more emphasis on the behavior of the teacher only. For this
purpose,behaviour of the teacher than that of students and whatever changes we
want to bring about in the behaviour of learners can be brought through the behavior
of the teacher only.For this purpose,behaviour of the teacher is closely
monitored and reinforced by expert observers.
Content of Behaviour Technology :
A
teacher Learns the following subject –
matter (topics) under this technology:
1.
Meaning,assumptions and
principles of teacher’s behaviour.
2.
Methods of observing
teaching teacher’s behaviour and its rating.
3.
Analysis of teacher’s
behaviour .
4.
Manifestation of
behaviour under different situations.
5.
Evaluation of teacher’s
behaviour and its manifestation.
6.
Different models of
teacher’s behaviour.
7.
Different techniques of
developing teacher’s behaviour,i.e.,reinforcement models.
8.
Micro teaching,team
teaching and stimulated teaching .
9.
Social skill training
10.
T group training .
Characteristics
of Behaviour Technology
1. Psychology
is the base of this technology.By using
psychological principles and methods teachers behaviour can be modified
in the desirable way which will lead to the desirable changes in the behaviour
of the learner.
2. Teaching
skills can be developed in teachers with the help of this technology .It means
that teachers behaviour in the class can be observed and suggestions canbe
given by experts for improvement.
3. Reinforcement
is the backbone of this technology which is used at all desirable responses.
4. Here
teaching activities are evaluated objectively.This makes the evaluation free
from bias.
5. This
technology emphasizes more on the realization of psychomotor objectives.
6. This
technology is based on the use of software technology and role of machines is
negligible here,through video recording devices can be used for observation and
reproduction of behaviour.
7. This
technology is especially useful for teacher training institutions where
modification of teacher’s behaviour in the desired direction is needed.
8. This
technology is also useful for principals of schools who can observe the
classroom behaviour of their teachers
and suggest remedial measures.
9. This
technology can tell us how teaching can be made successful by keeping the
individual differences of students into account.
10. Content
and methods of communication both can be used in order to improve teaching
aspects in the class.
C)
Instructional Technology :
Instructional
technology refers to the communication of content or informations to the
learner.Content can be presented on all the three levels.Instructional
technology.can however,present the content to the second level of teaching only
and we will have to take help of teaching technology for reflective level of
teaching.
Similarly,communication
also has two elements – verbal and non verbal . For example,questioning by the
teacher and its responding by the students in the class is verbal
communication.But in non – verbal instructions teacher uses his body actions
gestures,stimulus variations and material aids for communicating the
content.For example,if a teacher wants to convey the meaning of jump to the
class,he jumps slightly and say it is jump.This is non- verbal instruction.
Instruction can be given either by the teacher or by the
machine and it does not make any difference.For example,open universities use
TV,radio or Internet for instructing thousands of students in a single setting
and whosoever is interested can take the benefit of this
programme.Thus,instructional technology is based on hardware approach i.e.,here
teaching – learning material can be
communicated to learners by using audio – video recorders,radio,television,or
computers.Direct interaction between the teacher and the students is not seen here
as is the case of teaching or behaviour
technologies.Instruction can not be termed as teaching due to lack of
participation on the part of students .Even a teacher becomes an instructor
when he does not invite the students to participate in the lesson.Inspite of
that if an instructor is very much effective in his communication skills,he can make the instructions living
and interesting.This technology basically refers to communication of contents
in an effective manner either by a teacher or by a machine.
In instructional
technology too,instructional materials
are prepared keeping I view the objectives formulated in advance.Then subject-
matter is presented by using different strategies,techniques and material
aids.Finally the outcomes are evaluated in terms of the objectives in order to ascertain
whether instructional process is successful or not.In order to make
instructional technology a success,knowledge of psychological and scientific
principles and laws and awareness of social values and norms is a
must,i.e.,Maxims and principles of teaching must be kept in mind while
preparing instructional materials.
Content
of Instructional Technology : Following Subject – matter are studied in this
technology:
1. Meaning
and definitions of instructional technology.
2. Meaning
and principles of programmed instruction.
3. Linear
programmed instruction,meaning,concept ,principles and models.
4. Branching
programmed instruction,meaning,concept,principles and models.
5. Computer
assisted instruction,its nature and various models.
6. Construction
of programmed instruction in various subjects.
7. Adjustment
procedures of individual differences and development of suitable equipments.
8. Media
and printing equipments and their functioning .
9. Principles
of learnings and instruction.
10. Devices
of feedback and their uses.
Characteristics
of Instructional Technology.
1.
Objectives of cognitive
domain can be achieved by the use of this technology.
2.
This technology can
fill up the deficiency of effective teachers because we can communicate the
instructional materials to thousands of learners at a time by recording the
teaching of an effective teacher into machines.
3.
By the use of this
technology,students can learn according to their own ability and needs,e.g.,if
the rate (speed) of learning of a student is very slow ,he can rebound the tape
recorder or log on the website more than once until the topic is clear to him.
Thus,with the help of this technology,we can control the problem of individual
differences to a great extent.
4.
Right responses of
students can be reinforced regularly which will lead to further right responses
to occur.
5.
This technology is also
based on principles of psychology and social values and instructional materials
are prepared by the following these principles and values.
6.
By using this
technology into researches instructional principles can be developed
7.
Comprehensive analysis
of the subject- matter is also possible with the help of this technology and it
can make the prwesentation easy and logical.
D)
System Analysis
This approach of
instructional design is related to management technology.By its decision making
processes, this technology has greatly influenced the fields of
industry,trade.administration and military.
The assumptions of this
system is that every human behavior works as a component of an organized system
and since no system is perfect in itself,we can come to know the defects,of the
system by analyzing various components of the system.And after knowing the
defects improvement can be made.For example,administration of a school is not
an independent entity in itself but it is only a part of the whole educational
administration as well as the society.So,administration of the school is
definitely influenced by these two
greater systems.If we want to remove the defects of any school system,it is
necessary to analyse all its internal and external elements separately and
quantitatively.
Procedure
of system analysis:
System analysis is
comprised of the following steps.
1. Step
1: (Formulation of objectives): This is the most difficult step of the system
analysis where objectives are determined keeping in view the budgetary and
human resources,plants,equipments,rules and regulations imposed by the
education department of the state and the output produced by other schools and
so on.
2. StepII:
(Assessment of activities) : Here we find out the areas where the defects lie
after making quantitative assessment of all the activities of the system.
3. Step
III: (Collection of Data) : After identifying the problems relevant data are
collected to know whether they are really problems and if they are really
problems.then to what extent they are affecting the system.Statistical methods
are used for collecting data.
4. StepIV:
(Analysis of Data) : Sometimes we consider those things as problem which are
not problem in real sense.Analysis of data helps us to verify or deny a
problem.Thus,this is the step of hypothesis testing.
5. StepV
: (Determination of the Problem) : Here ,problem is defined in clear and
behavioural terms.
6. Step
VI : (Explanation of the Scope of the Problem ) : After knowing and ascertaining
the problem ,its various aspects are explained comprehensively.Then each of
these aspects are studied in detail in the context of other school systems.
7. Step
VII : (Outlining the solution) : Here,a new outline is prepared for the
solution of the problem.This solution is based on different models of the
system working in the society.
8. Step
VIII: (Use of the new model) : For the purpose of reaching the solution of the
problem ,new model is introduced in the system.
9. Step
IX : (Evaluation of the new model) : After applying the model into system ,its
outcomes and effects are evaluated every now and then.This process continues
till the model coincides with the objectives decided in the beginning.
10. StepX
: (Comprehensive generalization) : If this model is found fit for successful
functioning of one system,it is published for extensive uses in other systems.
Criteria of a Good
Model : How far a particular model is relevant to a system is determined on the
basis of the following criteria.Effectiveness of a model is determined on the
basis of this.
1. Ability
and devotion : Whether all the components of the system are functioning skillfully and devotedly or not.
2. Economy
: If a model is giving good results at low expenses then model is considered
satisfactory and good.
3. Utility:
Model must be useful to all involved directly or indirectly in the system.
4. Time
: If good results are coming out in lesser time,then model is acceptable.
If we apply the above
criteria in a school system we will say that a good system model implies four
things .
1. All
its components should work effectively and skilfully.
2. It
should be economical.
3. It
should be time saving in its use.The results of the system (school) should be
useful for the students and the society both.
4. It
should be simple to administer.
Items
of System Analysis: We can analysis the
system of a school on the basis of the following items and improvement can be
made accordingly:
1. Teacher
– Students ratio.
2. Classroom
students ratio.
3. Library
and lab facilities.
4. Facilities
for co – curricular activities.
5. Working
hours and working days in a particular session.
6. Number
of homework and class work given to students.
7. Number
of unit tests in a year.
8. Regular
checking of CWs and HWs.
9. Number
of punishment given to defaulters – ( teacher and students both can be
defaulters).
10. The
number of teacher – parents meet in the school in one session and so on.
Contribution
of Educational Technology:
1. Micro
Teaching,Simulated Teaching,Interactional Analysis,AV aids,Programmed Learning
2. Has
base from (i) Psychology science, technology, system art, av aids and machines
are used.
3. Based
on the application of science knowledge.
4. Makes
T.L. process easy, clear, interesting and scientific.
5. Helps
to evaluate outcomes.
Relevance
to Modern Education
1.
ET helps in improving
teaching & learning process & makes it more purposive.
2.
The common man has
radio & TV which can be used for education.
3.
The mass education
reduces the standards of education. ET can improve & maintain the standard
of education.
4.
Correspondence education can be made more effective by the
use of radio, TV, tape-recorder and programmed instruction.
5.
Indian Universities
facilitates open learning which need education technology at the most.
6.
Training institutions
are not producing effective teachers[not using feedback devices]. This can be
changed through ET.
7.
Educational
Administrative problems can be solved through system analysis.
8.
Educational research
has no impact on present problems of
education because education is more theoretical. This has broken new field of examination
for classroom teaching and training problems.
9.
It helps in
understanding the structure and nature of teaching. Teaching models can be
developed for achieving different objectives of education.
TECHNOLOGY OF EDUCATION AND TECHNOLOGY IN
EDUCATION
The major problem of teaching is that
learning has to facilitate individual differences of the learners. The
educational technology had developed new innovative practices and strategies
for this purpose. Educational Technology is broadly classified into the
following two heads.
v Technology
of Education
v Technology
in Education
Technology
of Education
Technology
of education is inherent in education itself. It refers to the application of
behavioural sciences like psychology of educational theories and practical
teaching – learning problems, instruction and motivation etc., It is concerned
with the study of educational problems and the techniques to be used in solving
those problems so that the best results are achieved. Broadly speaking,
technologies of planning, financing and administration are also covered under
the concept of technology of education. Techniques of curriculum planning,
transacting and evaluating also come under the same concept. Here we use the
principles derived from psychology of learning.
In
general, the following techniques are used in order to meet the objectives of
the concept:
1. Analysis of instructional problems.
2. Selection of instruments for evaluation.
3. Selection of strategies to obtain the desired
result from the teaching – learning process.
4. Teacher behaviour.
5. Programmed learning.
6. System analysis.
Technology
in Education
The
term ‘technology in education’ is a service concept like technology in the
service of agriculture of farmers or science in the service of mankind. It
refers to the use of equipments and machines for educational purposes. It
involves the use of a wide range of audiovisual equipments, hardware and
sophisticated electronic devices like film, projectors, radio, television, tape
recorder, teaching machines, computer and internet, etc. Educational technology
as explained earlier is a wider term as compared to technology in education. It
includes hardware approach, software approach and systems approach to
technology.
Technology
in education refers to the application of engineering principles and technology
in the process of education. Basically, it is known as hardware technology.
Silverman
(1968) referred to technology in education as ‘relative technology’ and
technology of education as ‘constructive educational technology’.
Differences between Technology of
Education & Technology in Education
No
|
Area
|
Technology of education
|
Technology in education
|
1
|
Basis
|
It
is based on child psychology (age, ability & mental level)
|
It
is based on the principles of physical sciences or engineering sciences.
|
2
|
Approach
|
It
is software approach to education.
|
It
is hardware approach to education.
|
3.
|
Origin
|
Its
origin lies in the application of behavioural sciences to the problems of
learning and motivation.
|
Its
origin lies in the application of physical sciences or engineering to
education.
|
4.
|
Nature
|
It
is inherent in education itself.
|
It
receives inputs from outside.
|
5.
|
Contents
|
Analysis
of instructional problems, learning aids and three dimensional objects.
|
Hardware,
different types of projectors, audio – visual aids.
|
6.
|
Examples
|
System
analysis, teacher behaviour, management of teaching – learning, programme
instruction.
|
TV,radio,
projector, etc.,
|
7.
|
Relation
|
It
is related to learning.
|
It
is related to teaching aids.
|
8.
|
Requirement
|
The
use of this approach does not require skilled personnel as in hardware
technology.
|
Skilled
personnel in hardware technology are required.
|
9.
|
Flexibility
|
This
approach is very flexible. The material can be recognised according to the
needs of the learner.
|
This
approach is relatively rigid.
|
10.
|
Type
|
It
is called constructive educational technology
|
It
is called relative technology
|
11.
|
Contribution
to the educational system
|
This
approach is very helpful in understanding the need of the learners and
educating them accordingly.
|
It
is useful in mass education programmes.
|
12.
|
Cost
|
It
is less costly.
|
It
is expensive.
|
13.
|
Use
of electricity
|
May
not require electricity
|
Use
of electricity is more or less indispensable.
|
A word of caution: There is no clear cut demarcation between
hardware of technology of education and software like black boards and films.
Sometimes such aids are treated as elements of technology in education also.
NEED
FOR EDUCATIONAL TECHNOLOGY IN SCHOOLS:
General: Educational technology is necessary to
achieve the following.
1. To
make teaching and learning, planned and structured.
2. It
emphasis objective based programmed instruction.
3. It
helps to express the instructional “objectives” in terms of behavioural
outcomes.
4. It
helps to answer the issue in education like ‘why to whom, when, how, where and
how much’.
5. It
urges that the learning materials are to be presented in “small and easy to
learn steps”.
6. It
advocates that students are to be allowed to progress to the next step only
after mastering the previous step.
7. As
educational technology helps in selecting the appropriate media[like TV, radio,
film, computer, video taps, etc..,]to match the skills & abilities of
students & the nature of the content to be learnt, individual differences
are taken care of in the instructional process, resulting in pupils improving
learning.
8. As
systematic evaluation to assess students learning is made possible. Immediate feedback
is available to learners. So that all could take efforts to achieve the set
objectives.
9. Those
direct experiences which could not be brought to the classroom like the
eruption of a volcano, functioning of an atomic reactor, effects of a dam
burst, etc.., could be presented through a suitable media.
Particularly
in Schools:
1. It
helps to enrich & enliven the instructional process.
2. It
simulates the interest of the learner for further learning.
3. It
helps easy understanding & retain for long.
4. It
helps to win and sustain the attention of the learner.
5. Quality
& quantity of learning are improved.
6. It
helps to explain non-verbal images & symbols.
7. It
make it possible to bring to the classroom, the events or process that is
inaccessible or non amenable for accurate & rapid observation.
8. Talents
of many experts in different fields could be profitably used for classroom
instruction.
9. It
helps to provide education to a large number of students.
10. It
helps to introduce multimedia in the instructional process.
11. Wholesome
instructional materials are prepared & standardized.
PROCESS
OF EDUCATIONAL TECHNOLOGY: The process of Educational
technology has 4 steps.
1. Step1:
ASSESSING ENTRY BEHAVIOUR Teaching,
learning process is analyzed in behavioural terms.All the relevant elements are
identified which are necessary for initiating teaching to achieve the goals.
2.
Step2:PLANNING ACTIVITIES: Those activities
and elements are determined which are helpful in relating other relevant elements and reduce
the probability of repetition of some elements of teaching.
3.
Step3:EVALUTING :The effects of teaching are
evaluated. It examines the appropriateness of different activities and elements
of teaching in terms of achieving.
4. Step4:FEEDBACKS :The major function of this
step is to provide the feedback for improving teaching learning activities.The
result of evaluation guides the teacher to modify his teaching activities for
optional realization for objectives.
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