PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY:

1.  PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY:       

According to Psychoanalysis, what we do and think results from urges or derive, which seek expression in behaviour and thought.  The urges are hidden in the unconscious level of mind.  The expression of these unconsciouses derives prompt from within the behaviour and thoughts of the individual.  Thus “unconscious motivation” is the key idea of psychoanalysis.

CONTRIBUTOR OF THIS THEORY:

·                     Sigmund Freud

·                     Anna Freud

·                     Erik Erikson

·                     Erich Fromm

·                     Carl Jung

·                     Karl Abraham

·                     Otto Rank

·                     Sabina Spielrein

MAIN CHARACTERISTICS:

1.     TOPOGRAPHY OF MIND:

Freud was the first psychologist who systematically attempted to explore the unconscious part of human personality.

He compared mental phenomenon with an iceberg floating on the surface of the water.  Whose greater portion remains under the surface of the water.  So we cannot study a human being by observing his overt behaviour because most of represent desires, thought and feeling remain in unconscious and continually influence our behaviour.  Following reasons

Conscious Pre conscious Unconscious

ID

EGO

SUPER EGO

 

Id: 

o   Id operates on pleasure principles

o   Id comprises all that is inherited or present at birth

o   It is the source of all mental energy in the individual

o   Id is present in a true psychic system

o   All the energy for id is provided by 2 instincts

o   1). Eros-working for life

o   2). Thantos-working for death.

o   Eros works by an energy called Libido

o   Libido seeks its gratification purely from sexual appetite.

EGO:

-         Operates on Realistic Principle.

-         It is largely conscious

-         It is logical in nature

-         If id were left to its own devices, it would destroy itself.

-         Ego mediates id’s energy and directs towards as much fulfillment

-         It is not inborn.

-         Major function of Ego is continuous maintenance of the organism.

-         It has to master 3 harsh master Id, super ego and external Reality.

SUPER EGO:    

·                 Super ego operates on idealistic principle.

·                 It strives for perfection rather pleasure

·                 Super ego is a learned ideal consists of 2 components.  They are

o       Ego-Ideal-Learned through rewards.

o       Conscience – Learned through punishment

-                  If a person does something wrong, his conscience make him feel guilty

-                  In order to avoid punishment he incorporates all socially acceptable behaviours.

·                 It is a don’t part of a personality

·                 It consists largely of restrictions and obstacles.

Following evidence Were given by Freud to show the existence of unconscious.

1.     Dreams prove the existence of unconscious

2.     Slips of tongue and pen

3.     Forgetfulness

4.     Somnambulism

5.     Solution of problems during sleep

6.     Post hypnotic suggestions

7.     Neurosis and psychosis.

2.  THREE QUALITIES OF MENTAL PROCESS:

          Conscious, preconscious and unconscious are the 3 mental processes.

3.  PSYCHIC STRUCTURE OF MIND:

          Freud has developed a unique structure of psyche consisting of Id Ego and super Ego.

4.  LIBIDINAL DEVELOPMENT:

          According to psychoanalytic theory man is an energy centre.  The energy develops in the process of excitation with in the body which seeks expression and tension reduction.  When energy becomes attached to the external objects of the environment this process is called Cathexis.

According to him following are the phases of psychosexual development.

S.No	Psychosexual Stage	Actual years	Behavior
1	Oral Stage	0-1 year	Derives pleasure through mouth
2	Anal Stage	2-3 year	Derives pleasure through eliminating / retaining waste
3	Phallic Stage	3-5years	Derives pleasure from genitals
4	Latency Stage	6-Puberty	Dormant Period
5	Genital Stage	Adolescence	Reawakening of sexual urges

Major findings

Case Study .

Conscious 

Defense Mechanism 

Ego 

Superego 

Unconscious 

CONTRIBUTION TO PSYCHOLOGY:

1.     Psychoanalysis has revolutionized the theory and practice of education.  Freud discovered unconscious motivation.  Which plays important role in the process of learning.

2.     Psychoanalysis has laid stress on the importance of the child and his early experience in the process of education.  Early experiences of home upto the age of five years lay down the foundation of personality of the child.  Love, affection and sympathy in early childhood develop positive attitudes in the child, towards life, on the other hand, punishment and other negative run forcers create problem.

3.     Psychoanalysis had laid down great importance to the process of catharsis.  Children’s should get opportunities to express their emotions and motives freely in the class and outside the class.

4.     The greatest contribution of psychoanalysis is that it has thrown light on the causes of maladjustment in children.

5.     Importance of emotions has been emphasized in the process of education.

6.     It has laid emphasis on freedom in education and advocated the importance of the development of whole personality.

7.     Curricular activities are given due importance in the school so that pent up feelings may be released.

8.     The teacher should be positive and concentrate on what student can do.